PERIODIC TABLE
The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties,and culminates with the publication of the first actual periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869.
While Mendeleev built upon earlier discoveries by such scientists as Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier and Stanislao Cannizzaro, the Russian scientist is generally given sole credit for development of the actual periodic table itself.
The table itself is a visual representation of the periodic law which states that certain properties of elements repeat periodically when arranged by atomic number. The table arranges elements into vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods) to display these commonalities.
Elemental ideas from ancient times.
People have known about some chemical elements like gold, silver and copper from antiquity, as these can all be discovered in nature in native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools.However, the notion that there were a limited number of elements from which everything was composed originated with the Greek philosopher Aristotle. About 330 B.C Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more of four "roots" (originally put forth by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles), but later renamed elements by Plato. The four elements were earth, water, air and fire. While the concept of an element was thus introduced, Aristotle's and Plato's ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter.
Thursday, June 16, 2011
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
IELTS
IELTS 'International English Language Testing System', is an international standardised test of English language proficiency,was established in 1989.
There are two versions of the IELTS: the Academic Version and the General Training Version:
A: The Academic Version is intended for those who want to enroll in universities and otheri nstitutions of higher education and for professionals such as medical doctors and nurses who want to study or practice in an English-speaking country.
B:The General Training Version is intended for those planning to undertake non-academic training or to gain work experience, or for immigration purposes.
It is generally acknowledged that the reading and writing tests for the Academic Version are more difficult than those for the General Training Version, due to the differences in the level of intellectual and academic rigour between the two versions.
IELTS is accepted by most Australian, British, Canadian, Irish, New Zealand and South African academic institutions, over 2,000 academic institutions in the United States, and various professional organisations. It is also a requirement for immigration to Australia and Canada. This has been criticised in Canada, because the English accents employed in the Listening section of the IELTS are far removed from typical Canadian accents.
There are two versions of the IELTS: the Academic Version and the General Training Version:
A: The Academic Version is intended for those who want to enroll in universities and otheri nstitutions of higher education and for professionals such as medical doctors and nurses who want to study or practice in an English-speaking country.
B:The General Training Version is intended for those planning to undertake non-academic training or to gain work experience, or for immigration purposes.
It is generally acknowledged that the reading and writing tests for the Academic Version are more difficult than those for the General Training Version, due to the differences in the level of intellectual and academic rigour between the two versions.
IELTS is accepted by most Australian, British, Canadian, Irish, New Zealand and South African academic institutions, over 2,000 academic institutions in the United States, and various professional organisations. It is also a requirement for immigration to Australia and Canada. This has been criticised in Canada, because the English accents employed in the Listening section of the IELTS are far removed from typical Canadian accents.
IELTS TEST STRUCTURE
All candidates must complete four Modules - Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking - to obtain a Band, which is shown on an IELTS Test Report Form (TRF). All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking Modules, while the Reading and Writing Modules differ depending on whether the candidate is taking the Academic or General Training Versions of the Test.
The total test duration is around 2 hours and 45 minutes for Listening, Reading and Writing modules.Listening: 40 minutes, 30 minutes for which a recording is played centrally and additional 10 minutes for transferring answers onto the OMR answer sheet.Reading: 60 minutes.Writing: 60 minutes.
The first three modules - Listening, Reading and Writing (always in that order) - are completed in one day, and in fact are taken with no break in between. The Speaking Module may be taken, at the discretion of the test centre, in the period seven days before or after the other Modules.
The tests are designed to cover the full range of ability from non-user to expert user.
The total test duration is around 2 hours and 45 minutes for Listening, Reading and Writing modules.Listening: 40 minutes, 30 minutes for which a recording is played centrally and additional 10 minutes for transferring answers onto the OMR answer sheet.Reading: 60 minutes.Writing: 60 minutes.
The first three modules - Listening, Reading and Writing (always in that order) - are completed in one day, and in fact are taken with no break in between. The Speaking Module may be taken, at the discretion of the test centre, in the period seven days before or after the other Modules.
The tests are designed to cover the full range of ability from non-user to expert user.
IELTS TEST TAKERS
IELTS is the International English Language Testing System, the world’s proven English language test.IELTS was one of the pioneers of four skills English language testing over 17 years ago, and continues to set the standard for English language testing today.Close to 6000 organisations and more than one million test takers around the world trust and recognise IELTS as a secure, valid and reliable indicator of true-to-life ability to communicate in English for education, immigration and professional accreditation.
IELTS is jointly managed by British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) through more than 500 locations in 120 countries.
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE ESOL EXAMINATION:
Cambridge ESOL is the world's leading provider of exams for learners of English. Cambridge exams are recognised by over 8,500 organisations worldwide and taken by over 3 million people each year in 135 countries.
BRITISH COUNCIL:
British Council connects people worldwide with the learning opportunities and creative ideas from the UK and builds lasting relationships between the UK and other countries.British Council is the UK's international organisation for educational opportunity and cultural relations and is represented in 109 countries worldwide.
IDP : IELTS AUSTRALIA:
IDP IELTS Australia is Australia's international education organisation.It undertakes a broad range of activities from student advisory services and educational publications to project consultancy and English language teaching and testing.
IELTS is jointly managed by British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) through more than 500 locations in 120 countries.
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE ESOL EXAMINATION:
Cambridge ESOL is the world's leading provider of exams for learners of English. Cambridge exams are recognised by over 8,500 organisations worldwide and taken by over 3 million people each year in 135 countries.
BRITISH COUNCIL:
British Council connects people worldwide with the learning opportunities and creative ideas from the UK and builds lasting relationships between the UK and other countries.British Council is the UK's international organisation for educational opportunity and cultural relations and is represented in 109 countries worldwide.
IDP : IELTS AUSTRALIA:
IDP IELTS Australia is Australia's international education organisation.It undertakes a broad range of activities from student advisory services and educational publications to project consultancy and English language teaching and testing.
Tuesday, June 9, 2009
IELTS TEST CENTRES
PAKISTAN: There are 9 test cenres in pakistan,
- FaisalabadBritish Council Faisalabad
- British Council Hyderabad
- British Council Islamabad
- AEO Islamabad
- British Council Karachi
- AEO Karachi
- AEO Lahore
- British council lahore
- British council Multan
IELTS LEVEL REQUIED BY INSTITUTIONS FOR ADMISSION
Just over half (51%) of candidates take the test to enter higher education in a foreign country. The IELTS minimum scores required by academic institutions vary. As a general rule, institutions from English-speaking countries require a higher IELTS band.
UNITED STATES:The highest IELTS Band required by a university is 8.5, by the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University; the only US institution to require this band.It should be noted that while Ohio State University's Moritz College of Law is listed as requiring an 8.5 on the IELTS website , the school lists an 8.0 .For MIT the minimum score required is 7.
UNITED KINGDOME:The highest IELTS Band required is 8, by the Msc in Marketing at the University of Warwick .
GERMANY:Stuttgart University requires an IELTS minimum of 6.0.
Most IELTS requirements by universities fall between 5.5 and 7
UNITED STATES:The highest IELTS Band required by a university is 8.5, by the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University; the only US institution to require this band.It should be noted that while Ohio State University's Moritz College of Law is listed as requiring an 8.5 on the IELTS website , the school lists an 8.0 .For MIT the minimum score required is 7.
UNITED KINGDOME:The highest IELTS Band required is 8, by the Msc in Marketing at the University of Warwick .
GERMANY:Stuttgart University requires an IELTS minimum of 6.0.
Most IELTS requirements by universities fall between 5.5 and 7
HTML
It all began in 1957 when the USSR launched the first artificial satellite called "Sputnik." In response, the US formed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) as a branch of the Department of Defense to acquire the lead position in military technology. the US wanted to be able to control her nuclear arms remotely. ARPA founded a network of computers called "ARPANET" that had a backbone of 50 Kbps and 4 hosts to make this possible. What was then referred to as ARPANET evolved into the World Wide Web, which is constituted by millions of hosts as well as backbones such as 56Kbps, 1.544Mbps, 45Mpbs, and 155Mpbs lines, plus satellite and radio connections as of today. What is essential to us, is that the web uses "codes" and "decoders" to achieve this interaction. Every web page contains special markup (codes) that determine how it looks and what it contains; and every web browser (i.e. Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla, Opera, etc.) is a decoder that can read the code and produce an adequate output (i.e. what you are reading right now is an output of the code that constitutes this web page).
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