ABU RAYHAN MUHAMMAD AL- BIRUNI was born on 5th september 973 in kath khwarezm now in uzbekistan and died 13 december 1048 in ghazni todays afghanistan.
He was a scientist , physicist , anthropologist, comparative sociologist, astronomer , chemist,encyclopedist,historian, geographer,geologist mathematician,pharmacist and much more .
Birunis works number 146 in total. 35 on astronomy, 4 on astrolabes,23 on astrology,5 on chronology,2 time measurement, 9 on geography, 10on geodesy and maping theory, 15 on mathematics , (8 on arithmatics , 5 on geometry , 2 on trignometry), 2 on mechanics, 2 on medicine and pharmacology , 1 on meteorology , 2 on mineralogy and gems , 4 on history , 2 on india , 3 on religion and philosophy , 16 literary works , 2 on magic and 9 unclassified books.
Biruni invented a number of astronomical instruments. He wrote the first treatises on the planisphere (the earliest star chart) and the orthographical astrolabe, as well as a treatise on the armillary sphere, and he was able to mathematically determine the direction of the Qibla from any place in the world. He also wrote the earliest treatise on the sextant.
He also invented an early hodometer, and the first mechanical lunisolar calendar computer which employed a gear train and eight gear-wheels. These were early examples of fixed-wired knowledge processing machines.
Al-Biruni introduced the scientific method into mineralogy in his Kitab al-Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones), where he was "the most exact of experimental scientists".The book described minerals such as stones and metals in depth, and was regarded as the most complete book on mineralogy in his time.
In astrophysics and the celestial mechanics field of physics, Biruni described the Earth's gravitation as:
"The attraction of all things towards the centre of the earth."
He also discovered that gravity exists within the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres, and he criticized Aristotle's views of them not having any levity or gravity and of circular motion being an innate property of the heavenly bodies.
He was a scientist , physicist , anthropologist, comparative sociologist, astronomer , chemist,encyclopedist,historian, geographer,geologist mathematician,pharmacist and much more .
Birunis works number 146 in total. 35 on astronomy, 4 on astrolabes,23 on astrology,5 on chronology,2 time measurement, 9 on geography, 10on geodesy and maping theory, 15 on mathematics , (8 on arithmatics , 5 on geometry , 2 on trignometry), 2 on mechanics, 2 on medicine and pharmacology , 1 on meteorology , 2 on mineralogy and gems , 4 on history , 2 on india , 3 on religion and philosophy , 16 literary works , 2 on magic and 9 unclassified books.
Biruni invented a number of astronomical instruments. He wrote the first treatises on the planisphere (the earliest star chart) and the orthographical astrolabe, as well as a treatise on the armillary sphere, and he was able to mathematically determine the direction of the Qibla from any place in the world. He also wrote the earliest treatise on the sextant.
He also invented an early hodometer, and the first mechanical lunisolar calendar computer which employed a gear train and eight gear-wheels. These were early examples of fixed-wired knowledge processing machines.
Al-Biruni introduced the scientific method into mineralogy in his Kitab al-Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones), where he was "the most exact of experimental scientists".The book described minerals such as stones and metals in depth, and was regarded as the most complete book on mineralogy in his time.
In astrophysics and the celestial mechanics field of physics, Biruni described the Earth's gravitation as:
"The attraction of all things towards the centre of the earth."
He also discovered that gravity exists within the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres, and he criticized Aristotle's views of them not having any levity or gravity and of circular motion being an innate property of the heavenly bodies.
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